<\/p>\n
In the previous article, we spoke of Mohammed al-Muntasir\u2019s taking up the caliphate (247-248 Hijri) (861-862 A.D.) after his father\u2019s murder, his deposing his brothers al-Mu\u2019taz and al-Mu\u2019ayyad, having abided by his commanders counsel. Yet, al-Muntasir\u2019s tenure did not last, except for about six months. He got sick and died. Historians contended regarding the reasons of his death.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span> General Bishop<\/strong><\/span> <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" In the previous article, we spoke of Mohammed al-Muntasir\u2019s taking up the caliphate (247-248 Hijri) (861-862 A.D.) after his father\u2019s murder, his deposing his brothers al-Mu\u2019taz and al-Mu\u2019ayyad, having abided by his commanders counsel. Yet, al-Muntasir\u2019s tenure did not last, except for about six months. He got sick and died. Historians contended regarding the reasons […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":57,"featured_media":19638,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[240,682],"class_list":["post-51466","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","tag---2","tag-682"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/copticocc.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/51466"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/copticocc.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/copticocc.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/copticocc.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/57"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/copticocc.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=51466"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/copticocc.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/51466\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":52584,"href":"https:\/\/copticocc.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/51466\/revisions\/52584"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/copticocc.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/19638"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/copticocc.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=51466"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/copticocc.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=51466"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/copticocc.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=51466"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\nAfter his death, al-Mu\u2019tasim\u2019s grandson, al-Musta\u2019in bellah became caliph (248-252 Hijri) (862-866 A.D.). Yet, it is said he was a make-believe ruler! Commanders conflicted, which resulted in turmoil. So much so that al-Musta\u2019in fled to Baghdad with his associates Waseef and Bugha in 251 Hijri (865 A.D.) On the other hand, soldiers agreed to pledge allegiance to al-Mu\u2019taz. Thus, there became two caliphs: al-Musta\u2019in in Baghdad and al-Mu\u2019taz in Samarra, only to start a series of conflicts between them affecting the provinces affiliated to the Abbasids, of which Egypt was one.<\/strong><\/span>
\nEach caliph commanded his affiliates to obey him and disobey his rival, which led to a great deal of tumult which, in turn, resulted in fighting between both. Al-Mu\u2019taz got ready and prepared his troops to fight al-Musta\u2019in. So, he sent them to Baghdad, led by his brother Ahmed bin al-Mutawakkil. War continued for a year (251 Hijri) (865 A.D.) during which Baghdad witnessed seditions and tumults until al-Musta\u2019in and al-Mu\u2019ayyad agreed to reconcile, provided that al-Musta\u2019in abdicate.<\/strong><\/span>
\nThis was fulfilled, and al-Musta\u2019in pledged allegiance to al-Mu\u2019taz in 252 Hijri (866 A.D.) Thus, his caliphate lasted for two years and nine months which extended to three years and six months when he was deposed. Then, al-Musta\u2019in moved from Baghdad to Wasit before a year where he was killed before one year had elapsed. Historians disagreed regarding the manner of his assassination. Taghribirdi writes that al-Mu\u2019taz asked Ahmed bin Toulon, a Turk, to kill him, but he refused, saying, \u201cNo, I swear to God never to kill caliphs\u2019 offspring.\u201d Al-Mu\u2019taz answered, \u201cTake him to Sa\u2019id al-Hajib, which he did. Sa\u2019id al-Hajib put him to death in Shawwal.\u201d Al-Tabari writes, \u201cWhile al-Mu\u2019taz was playing chess, Sa\u2019id bin Salih brought him al-Musta\u2019in\u2019s head and said, \u2018This is the head of the deposed.\u2019 So, he said, \u2018Put it there.\u2019 Having finished the game, he had it brought over, looked at it, then ordered its burial. Then he gave Sa\u2019id fifty thousand dirhams and assigned him the affairs of al-Basra.\u201d<\/strong><\/span>
\nThe State\u2019s Affairs during al-Musta\u2019im\u2019s Tenure<\/strong><\/span>
\nThe Abbasid State became exceedingly tumultuous. Rebellions broke out in several regions, including an Alawite\u2019s rebellion in kufa, another\u2019s in Tapuria. Likewise, a revolution broke out in Sistan and the Arab\u2019s provinces. Mosul became tumultuous as well. So did Palestine, Homs, Isfahan, and others.<\/strong><\/span>
\nThe Yazids<\/strong><\/span>
\nYahya bin Umar bin Yahya bin Yazid bin Ali bin al-Hussein rebelled in Kufa. Many Arabs joined him. He was able to ransack Kufa. So, Mohammed bin Abdullah bin Tahir sent a great army commanded by bin Mus\u2019ab who was shrewd at warfare. He overcame the rebels, killed a large number of them, and killed Yahya in 250 Hijri (864 A.D.), sending Caliph al-Musta\u2019in his head who ordered its hanging on one of the gates of Samarra. Yet, he restored it to Baghdad, for people revolted. Yet, the people of Baghdad revolted as well. So, he had the head put into a casket and kept in the weaponry house.<\/strong><\/span>
\nIn Tapuria, al-Hussein bin Zaid bin Mohammed rebelled against the Abbasid State. According to al-Tabari, his rebellion was ascribed to the fact that al-Musta\u2019in granted Mohammed bin Tahir a piece of Tapuria. When the latter sent a Jabir bin Harun to acquire the piece of land, he wanted to acquire a larger portion. So, the people arouse, and the Daylamites joined them to fight the ruler. They made al-Hussein bin Zaid their leader. He and the rebels ransacked Amol, which strengthened them, and others joined them. So, they marched to Saria, ousted its ruler, then Ray. Thus, al-Hussein bin Zaid found a Zaidi state in Tapuria which lasted for a century.<\/strong><\/span>
\nAs for the external affairs, war was still going on between the Abbasids and Romans. During al-Musta\u2019in\u2019s tenure, the Romans were triumphant in Asia Minor. They killed many sentries as well as two of the best commanders in 249 Hijri (863 A.D.). Yet, the Caliph and his sentries were too preoccupied with conspiracies to mind the matter.<\/strong><\/span>
\nCaliph Abu Abdullah al-Mu\u2019taz (252-255 Hijri) (866-869 A.D.)<\/strong><\/span>
\nBeforehand, we tackled his reign after al-Musta\u2019in\u2019s deposition in 252 Hijri (866 A.D.) Historians maintain that the Turks\u2019 dominion increased during his tenure in such a way that he could not appoint a minister or scribe or depose them. Likewise, assassinations increased during his tenure due to the increase in conflicts amongst sentries. Thus, everybody became preoccupied with conspiracies, and the state\u2019s affairs were uncared for.<\/strong><\/span>
\nAt the beginning of his tenure, Turks asked him to pardon Waseef and Bugha, which he reluctantly did. He gave them back their possessions and posts. Yet, because the state\u2019s affairs were uncared for, conflicts broke out in Baghdad and Samarra amongst the Moroccan and Turkish sentries, whereby the former asked for equality in posts and influence, which resulted in incessant conflict. Moroccans snatched the tax-collection authority from the Turks, thus realizing what they wanted. Yet, the Turks restored it and murdered Moroccan commanders. In 253 Hijri (863 A.D.), Turks, Moroccans and Persians demanded a four-month pay, which Waseef refused. So, they rebelled and killed him.<\/strong><\/span>
\nSo, the Caliph appointed Bugha in his stead, but the latter rebelled. So, a Salih took over. At that time, Salih became friendly to commander Baikbak, and they split the state\u2019s affairs between them. Baghdad witnessed a lot of riot between her proconsul Mohammed bin Abdullah bin Tahir and the sentries. Wars broke out between them. Sentries were victorious at first. Yet, this did not last for long, as Mohammed bin Tahir overcame them and killed their leader, which appeased the country for a while.<\/strong><\/span>
\nAt that time, Egypt was greatly affected. Stories never end in Beautiful Egypt.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n
\nHead of the Coptic Orthodox Cultural Center<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n